TECHNICAL TEXTILES
DR.IBRAHIM .G.,E.
Textiles are the largest items of application next only to engineering goods, textiles have found wider acceptance in industry, house hold, aerospace and apparel field.. etc.
Today industrial textile has an old tradition, in the 20 th century when man-made fibers became available, the range of industrial textiles was rapidly widened by textiles before, These are currently used to produce fabric reinforced constructions, it is only in the last few decades that industrial textiles have become a commonly considered special group of textiles products, where industrial fabric of the textile field has grown more rapidly than house hold textile and apparel approximately 10 percent a year and makes up about 20 percent of the market share of textile products , and structure components as agriculture and forestry materials to protect natural resources and the living environment in transportation and storage in civil and railway engineering in the manufacture of sports leisure goods … etc
CLASSIFICATION OF INDUSTRIAL TEXTILES
Classification of industrial textiles is a challenging task, classification of industrial textiles can be done in several ways according to the raw material processed, the manufacturing system and production technique, the basis of main industrial textiles groups. Or the end use (geotextiles, medical textiles, paper machine and clothing…etc
GENERAL INDUSTRIAL TEXTILES
This fabric includes reinforcing fibers for protection from hot and cold, electrically conducting textiles, anti-static textiles, netallized products surface , textiles for electronics and data system technology, fiber optics, drive systems, hoses and tile reinforced pipes, fabrics for timing gears, rigid and flexible containers hollow pneumatic system oil spill absorbing blankets, textile reinforced rubber products, filters abrasive fabric for sand paper, fabric for movie screens, type writer ribbon, sorption system, seals fiber reinforced sealing materials and textiles reinforced adhesive fabrics for luggage laundry
TEXTILE STRUCTURE COMPOSITES
This fabric includes textile reinforced lightweight building materials, textiles reinforced structure all parts molded articles and profiles textiles, for use in corrosive media textile reinforced motor and machine parts.
TEXTILE IN SPORTS AND RECREATION
This fabric includes active wear fabrics, covers for domes and stadiums, stadiums blankets inflatable building for sports, tennis rackets, golf, clubs, football, tennis ball, roller skates, water and snowski ropes, tennis nets, breathable water proof uniforms, tennis court curtanins, fabrics for hunting vests, race car drivers uniforms, fabrics for hot air balloons fabric for sport shoes, fishing nets and line, swimming pool covers and liners, sleeping bags…. Etc
GEOTEXTILES
Geotextiles are textiles that are incorporated into geo-technical or civil engineering works, Geotextiles is normally taken to refer only to permeable textiles, Geotextiles are normally woven, non woven with few knitted fabric. Geotextiles designed for use as soil filters in hydraulic engineering, draining material enable a more rapid and simple dewatering of wet grounds, stabilization of earth embankments, railway construction, construction of temporary. Roads, construction of embankments, the construction of road ways on gravel sand.. etc
At this moment, new geotextiles products
made of three dimensional network fabric are expected to arouse keen interest,
these perforated materials, are used primarily for the stabilization of side
slopes inclines and banks, they also offer young plant support and can be used
for corrosion protection.
SAFETY AND PROTECTIVE CLOTHING
Safety and protective clothing are the most diverse market within the industrial fabrics industry. It is referred to by many as a niche industry in which safety and protective clothing is a garment or fabric relate item that protects the wearer from life threatening situations, or risk of injury damage Protective clothing also refers to garment that protect the product or environment from contamination. The safety and protective clothing market is divided into a number of segments including high visibility, abrasion and cut, slash protection ballistics, personal environmental protection Material protection, anti-contaminants, radiation protection and vacuum and high pressure the last major use and the most complex, is protective clothing particularly proximity crash suits and protective garments for firemen and others exposed to high temperature including workers in steel mills, it also used in microwave guard for technicians, pool covers, cargo nets for trucks and air craft, rock retaining nets , anti – slippage mat, mosquito netting gasketings, soft and hard armor safety nets and tuber for high pressure pipes which could explode, protective covers for machine tools, bath mats, rain wear, grass catcher bags, , anti-glare nets, screen in high way medians, building safety and rescue nets.
TRANSPORTATION
This include materials for automotive application, for aerospace industry, marine application, railway vehicles, materials for bicycles, seat belts, air bags, tire card canvas, reinforced interior coverings, textiles for sealing and wall coverings, sound damping, curtain materials, boat and car covers, seat covering materials, fire resistant textiles, hood fabrics, head liners, hoses and drive belts, gaskets and brake ropes linings, textiles in mufflers, seals, insulation materials, cordage, netting, protective covering systems for air craft, floating vessels for making lighter weight and more fuel efficient air planes, vehicles, faster boats rocket nozzles and ablative heat shield textiles for aerospace program.
TEXTILES IN AGRICULTURE
These fabrics include, textiles for landscaping, textiles rein- forced plastic and concrete parts, pipes and containers, insect sacks and bird netting covers, belts rope wear, hoses, flexible and rigid containers silage protection system, flexible silos, textile for seed bed protection, temporary agriculture building, subsoil stabilization, soil covering system, drainage and irrigation system, moisture-retaining mats, scrims for protection from hail and ground frost soil sealing systems for liquid manure pits, erosion prevention textiles, protective work clothing shade fabrics, and textiles in green houses.
MILITARY AND DEFENSE USES
Military applications include mufflers to lower noise level, tank armor to protect from burring, anti tanks shells, camouflage nets, sand bags, hamlets, flank gacets and ballistic gear, parachutes for space ships, personnel protection, chemical suits, air condition suits, rescue systems for air, water and land vehicles, marine applications, fabrics for bullet-proof vests, inflatable building, military tents. These fabrics should be stronger, lighter, more durable and resistant to fire, lases, decontamination materials and chemical agents.
FILTERS
Filters cloth is used in almost all sectors of the national economy, there are two types of filter dry, and wet filters. Both dry and wet filter are made of synthetic or natural fibers, fabric filters are used for milk filter, gravity filter for cans and cooling reservoirs, filter for automatic milking machines connected to piping coolant filtration in grinding machines and milling cutters, oil filters, sugar filters ,distilling filters, the brewing filter, the wine filter, starch filter, mineral oil filter, dairy filters, dust filters, the purification of gases and removal of suspended material from liquids and also for gas and liquid chromate graph, textiles for cleaning and separating of gases and liquid, textiles for hot air , and textiles for filtration in food industry.
TEXTILES IN ARCHITECTURE AND CONSTRUCTION
These fabrics include reinforcement fibers for concrete and plastics, reinfor
cing dams, covers for stadiums, textiles sheet products for reinforcement purpose, textiles structural parts, profiles and pipes, textiles for reinforcing and cement bridges, textile reinforced light building materials, textiles drainage systems fabrics, and protect, textiles in public building and convention halls , textiles shuttering materials , textiles facade packing system, textiles roofs and roof sheeting , textiles products for building electric system, insulation against cold heat and noise , tents and tent frames ,temporary building , inflatable buildings for ware housing membranes for light weight plane load –bearing structure , pneumatic structure , winter building system, stay ropes , textiles a caustic and systems, owning textiles , textile heating cooling and air-conditioning ,textile planting and irrigation systems for terraces roof garden sand and courtyards .
geotextiles
dr.Ibrahim .g.,e.
The expression “geotextiles" is used to describe textile fabrics or other textile products which are used also in combination with textiles or non-textile elements in the diverse sectors of the construction industry, usually in conjunction with soil, rock, water or any other geotechnical materials for improving the engineering performance of the engineering works. Geotextiles are defined by the American Society for Testing Materials (ASTM) D 35 as “ any permeable textile used with geotechnical materials as an integral part of a man-made project , structure or system” .Geotextiles are a member of a larger family called geo-synthetics, other members are geogrids, geonets, geomembranes, and geocomposites. Geotextiles are the largest group of geosynthetics in terms of volume, they are used in geotechnical engineering, heavy construction, building and pavement construction, hydrogeology and environmental engineering.
Geotextile Functions
Geotextiles and related products may be used in a wide range of applications where they may be required to perform one, or a combination, of design functions. Different functions, and different operational environments, will make different demands on the geotextile.
In general the two broad requirements of a geotextile are that it must be robust enough to survive short term environments as well as maintaining adequate properties in the long term to fulfill the required design function .
In civil engineering structures a geotextile performs mechanical functions such as separation and reinforcement and hydraulic functions such as drainage and filtration either separately or simultaneously. Beside these functions there are two other functions ,these are water proofing and protection.
Geotextiles are used to separate two dissimilar materials such as two layers of soil with different properties . The purpose of separation is to maintain or improve the integrity and performance of both materials.. The geotextile ensure that the aggregate maintains its load-bearing ability. Without geotextile, subsoil and aggregate base intermix and load-bearing capacity are reduced .
This function is very important in all forms of roadways, railways, and parking areas , where the material used to form the base of the construction, usually some form of aggregate , is separated from the soil below.
Reinforcement Function
Of all the geotextile functions, reinforcement is perhaps the most diversely applied and most technically demanding. Applications vary from comparatively short term , low risk , installations such as unpaved roads ,to long term, high risk applications, such as vertical walls and bridge abutments .This function involves stabilization of soil mass by provision of tensile strength to the soil-fabric system. Geotextile of high tenacity , when placed in a soil mass, takes up some of the tensile stresses and helps distribute them more evenly.
Filtration Function
The role of a geotextile as a filter is to permit the free flow of water from one side of the geotextile sheet to the other, without significant long-term loss of soil particles. When filtration is the primary function to be achieved two contradictory mechanisms to be achieved, adequate flow capability and upstream soil particles retention. Adequate flow requires large fabrics pores but soil particle retention requires small fabric pores. Thus, knowledge of both the flow regime and soil characteristics are essential for proper design .Typical applications areas of geotextiles for filtration are pipe underdrains, drainage for retaining walls and erosion control structures.
Drainage Function
Adequate drainage is essential for achieving and maintaining soil stability in embankments and in road stability etc. Graded aggregate filters have traditionally been used for drain protection, but the problem of design , cost , placement and testing of aggregate filters makes geotextiles an attractive alternative. The drainage function of a geotextile is generally associated with its ability to transmit liquid or gas in the plane of fabric without soil loss . The major difference between filtration and drainage function is the direction of flow which makes in-plane permeability critical for the drainage function. Drainage refers to planar flow as opposed to filtration which refers to flow across the geotextile.
Waterproofing Function (Moisture barrier)
Geotextile can act as waterproof materials when impregnated with bitumen or polymeric sealing materials . After impregnation , the water and vapor permeability of the fabric become very low in both cross-plane and in plane-flow.
Protection Function
In a variety of structures, geotextiles are used with geomembranes. Geotextile can provide long term protection of geomembranes against mechanical damage ,such as perforation and abrasion ,during and after installation .Although in many applications it is possible to identify one dominate function out of these basic functions , often other functions still perform essential roles even if they are secondary . For instance , in an unpaved road base the role of a geotextile is clearly that of a separator . However , reinforcement and filtration Functions should also be considered .
Geotextile Applications
The earliest uses of the geotextile concept are credited to the road builders of the ancient Roman empire who used sheepskin and heather atop the ground before placing cobblestone in constructing the Appian way. In 1926 , woven cotton fabrics were used as an early form of geotextiles in a series of road construction field by the South Carolina Highways Department .The first use of synthetic fabrics as a geotextiles was in the late 1950s, when a permeable , woven, synthetic fabric was used for erosion control in Florida.Nonwoven Geotextiles were first used in 1969 in an earthen dam as a filter under erosion protection on the upstream face. Since the early 1970s, the use of geosynthetics or geo-polymeric structures within civil-engineering constructions has expanded to such an extent that today they are almost certain to be included in any major work. Thanks to Geotextiles, roads, railway lines, drains, embankments, and dikes can now be built more easily and at lower cost. Applications of Geotextiles have been constantly expanded .As a rule , the use of Geotextiles reduces both construction costs and construction times. It is beyond the scope of this research to cover all geotextile applications. However , the researcher will try to describe some of the most common applications of geotextiles in civil engineering sector.
Road building
Geotextiles provides effective stabilization and critical subsoil / base course separator for paved surfaces and also stabilize and retain aggregate for unpaved surfaces , such as parking, loading lots, roads, airport runways, …etc.
Railway tracks
Subgrade stabilization has always been a problem to the railroads. Due to heavy dynamic load resulting from train traffic, the stony ballast is very often contaminated by rising fine particles from the underlying soil, which leads to deformation of the ground which eventually causes a gradual decrease in the bearing capacity of the upper structure. Geotextiles used in railroad stabilzation reduce maintenance and extend the track’s service life. They also prevent the loss of costly ballast , reduce rail deformation , and increase the ballast’s loadbearing capacity.
Embankments on soft ground
When embankments are constructed over weak soil such as soft clays, there can be problems with short- term instability in the form of deep- seated rotational slipping or transverse spreading of the embankment. Before the advent of geotextiles, these problems were overcome by building the embankment with very flat side slopes .A much more economic solution can be achieved by using a basal layer of geotextile reinforcement, placed over the original formation before placing of embankment fill. The geotextile will impart tensile strength to the base of the fill, thereby resisting lateral spreading, rotational failure of the underlying soft ground.
Walls and steep sided embankments
Unlike embankments on soft ground, walls and steep sided embankments need support from the geotextile for their
entire design life. The essence of construction is comprising the placing of the fill incorporating horizontal layers of geotextile reinforcement. As one lift of fill is completed , the geotextile is rolled out over the surface of the fill to ensure an adequate bond length.
Erosion Control
Soil erosion is a phenomenon of transportation of soil particles by exogenous wind or water action. The erosion phenomenon starts as soon as the first particle, detached from the rest of the soil, gets carried away due to the impact of splash and velocity of flow. The traditional method for controlling the erosion was by using a flexible protective structure such as rip-rap or heavy armour stones, concrete blocks, etc. The use of a geotextile filter can simplify construction of the erosion control measure, where it replace several layers of granular filter beneath rip-rap armour stones.
Drainage applications
With the availability of geotextile with a wide range of pore sizes and permeability, it is a comparatively simple matter to select a fabric that will filter the soil to be drained , where the drainage trench is simply lined with the filter fabrics and back filled with an aggregate that is coarse enough to act as a drainage medium .
Choosing the right geotextile
In order to choose the right geotextile, its precise function must be known. Will it be used for separation ,or for reinforcement etc.? Will it be subjected to high or low stresses ? Is the subsoil firm or soft ? etc. All these important questions which have a bearing on the choice of geotextile and of the raw material . Because only a correctly choosen textile will satisfy the requirements
TECHNICAL TEXTILES
dr.Ibrahim .g.,e.
Textiles are the largest items of application next only to engineering goods, textiles have found wider acceptance in industry, house hold, aerospace and apparel field.. etc.
Today industrial textile has an old tradition, in the 20 th century when man-made fibers became available, the range of industrial textiles was rapidly widened by textiles before, These are currently used to produce fabric reinforced constructions, it is only in the last few decades that industrial textiles have become a commonly considered special group of textiles products, where industrial fabric of the textile field has grown more rapidly than house hold textile and apparel approximately 10 percent a year and makes up about 20 percent of the market share of textile products , and structure components as agriculture and forestry materials to protect natural resources and the living environment in transportation and storage in civil and railway engineering in the manufacture of sports leisure goods … etc
.
CLASSIFICATION OF INDUSTRIAL TEXTILES
Classification of industrial textiles is a challenging task, classification of industrial textiles can be done in several ways according to the raw material processed, the manufacturing system and production technique, the basis of main industrial textiles groups. Or the end use (geotextiles, medical textiles, paper machine and clothing…etc
GENERAL INDUSTRIAL TEXTILES
This fabric includes reinforcing fibers for protection from hot and cold, electrically conducting textiles, anti-static textiles, netallized products surface , textiles for electronics and data system technology, fiber optics, drive systems, hoses and tile reinforced pipes, fabrics for timing gears, rigid and flexible containers hollow pneumatic system oil spill absorbing blankets, textile reinforced rubber products, filters abrasive fabric for sand paper, fabric for movie screens, type writer ribbon, sorption system, seals fiber reinforced sealing materials and textiles reinforced adhesive fabrics for luggage laundry
.
TEXTILE STRUCTURE COMPOSITES
This fabric includes textile reinforced lightweight building materials, textiles reinforced structure all parts molded articles and profiles textiles, for use in corrosive media textile reinforced motor and machine parts.
TEXTILE IN SPORTS AND RECREATION
This fabric includes active wear fabrics, covers for domes and stadiums, stadiums blankets inflatable building for sports, tennis rackets, golf, clubs, football, tennis ball, roller skates, water and snowski ropes, tennis nets, breathable water proof uniforms, tennis court curtanins, fabrics for hunting vests, race car drivers uniforms, fabrics for hot air balloons fabric for sport shoes, fishing nets and line, swimming pool covers and liners, sleeping bags…. Etc
GEOTEXTILES
Geotextiles are textiles that are incorporated into geo-technical or civil engineering works, Geotextiles is normally taken to refer only to permeable textiles, Geotextiles are normally woven, non woven with few knitted fabric. Geotextiles designed for use as soil filters in hydraulic engineering, draining material enable a more rapid and simple dewatering of wet grounds, stabilization of earth embankments, railway construction, construction of temporary. Roads, construction of embankments, the construction of road ways on gravel sand.. etc
At this moment, new geotextiles products made of three dimensional network fabric are expected to arouse keen interest, these perforated materials, are used primarily for the stabilization of side slopes inclines and banks, they also offer young plant support and can be used for corrosion protection.
SAFETY AND PROTECTIVE CLOTHING
Safety and protective clothing are the most diverse market within the industrial fabrics industry. It is referred to by many as a niche industry in which safety and protective clothing is a garment or fabric relate item that protects the wearer from life threatening situations, or risk of injury damage Protective clothing also refers to garment that protect the product or environment from contamination. The safety and protective clothing market is divided into a number of segments including high visibility, abrasion and cut, slash protection ballistics, personal environmental protection Material protection, anti-contaminants, radiation protection and vacuum and high pressure the last major use and the most complex, is protective clothing particularly proximity crash suits and protective garments for firemen and others exposed to high temperature including workers in steel mills, it also used in microwave guard for technicians, pool covers, cargo nets for trucks and air craft, rock retaining nets , anti – slippage mat, mosquito netting gasketings, soft and hard armor safety nets and tuber for high pressure pipes which could explode, protective covers for machine tools, bath mats, rain wear, grass catcher bags, , anti-glare nets, screen in high way medians, building safety and rescue nets.
TRANSPORTATION
This include materials for automotive application, for aerospace industry, marine application, railway vehicles, materials for bicycles, seat belts, air bags, tire card canvas, reinforced interior coverings, textiles for sealing and wall coverings, sound damping, curtain materials, boat and car covers, seat covering materials, fire resistant textiles, hood fabrics, head liners, hoses and drive belts, gaskets and brake ropes linings, textiles in mufflers, seals, insulation materials, cordage, netting, protective covering systems for air craft, floating vessels for making lighter weight and more fuel efficient air planes, vehicles, faster boats rocket nozzles and ablative heat shield textiles for aerospace program.
TEXTILES IN AGRICULTURE
These fabrics include, textiles for landscaping, textiles rein- forced plastic and concrete parts, pipes and containers, insect sacks and bird netting covers, belts rope wear, hoses, flexible and rigid containers silage protection system, flexible silos, textile for seed bed protection, temporary agriculture building, subsoil stabilization, soil covering system, drainage and irrigation system, moisture-retaining mats, scrims for protection from hail and ground frost soil sealing systems for liquid manure pits, erosion prevention textiles, protective work clothing shade fabrics, and textiles in green houses.
MILITARY AND DEFENSE USES
Military applications include mufflers to lower noise level, tank armor to protect from burring, anti tanks shells, camouflage nets, sand bags, hamlets, flank gacets and ballistic gear, parachutes for space ships, personnel protection, chemical suits, air condition suits, rescue systems for air, water and land vehicles, marine applications, fabrics for bullet-proof vests, inflatable building, military tents. These fabrics should be stronger, lighter, more durable and resistant to fire, lases, decontamination materials and chemical agents.
FILTERS
Filters cloth is used in almost all sectors of the national economy, there are two types of filter dry, and wet filters. Both dry and wet filter are made of synthetic or natural fibers, fabric filters are used for milk filter, gravity filter for cans and cooling reservoirs, filter for automatic milking machines connected to piping coolant filtration in grinding machines and milling cutters, oil filters, sugar filters ,distilling filters, the brewing filter, the wine filter, starch filter, mineral oil filter, dairy filters, dust filters, the purification of gases and removal of suspended material from liquids and also for gas and liquid chromate graph, textiles for cleaning and separating of gases and liquid, textiles for hot air , and textiles for filtration in food industry.
TEXTILES IN ARCHITECTURE AND CONSTRUCTION
These fabrics include reinforcement fibers for concrete and plastics, reinfor
cing dams, covers for stadiums, textiles sheet products for reinforcement purpose, textiles structural parts, profiles and pipes, textiles for reinforcing and cement bridges, textile reinforced light building materials, textiles drainage systems fabrics, and protect, textiles in public building and convention halls , textiles shuttering materials , textiles facade packing system, textiles roofs and roof sheeting , textiles products for building electric system, insulation against cold heat and noise , tents and tent frames ,temporary building , inflatable buildings for ware housing membranes for light weight plane load –bearing structure , pneumatic structure , winter building system, stay ropes , textiles a caustic and systems, owning textiles , textile heating cooling and air-conditioning ,textile planting and irrigation systems for terraces roof garden sand and courtyards .
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